CHAPTER 4 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

EXERCISES                                                                                  PAGE NO: 39

1. What are the canal rays?

Solution:

The radiations that are positively charged are canal rays. This discovery was crucial in the discovery of another subatomic particle that was positively charged – the proton.

2. If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not?

Solution:

Since a proton is a positively charged particle and an electron is a negatively charged particle, the net charge becomes neutral as both particles neutralise each other.

EXERCISES                                                                                  PAGE NO: 41

1. On the basis of Thompson’s model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a whole.

Solution:

As per Thompson’s model of an atom,

(i) An atom contains a positively charged sphere in which the negatively charged electrons are implanted.

(ii) Electrons and protons are equal in magnitude; hence, an atom, on the whole, is electrically neutral.

2. On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom, which subatomic particle is present in the nucleus of an atom?

Solution:

As per Rutherford’s model of an atom, the positively charged protons are the ones that are present in the atom.

3. Draw a sketch of Bohr’s model of an atom with three shells.

Solution:

4. What do you think would be the observation if the ∝– particle scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of a metal other than gold?

Solution:

In the ∝ – particle scattering experiment, when any other metal foil is used instead of gold, the observation would remain the same. This is because the structure of an atom, when considered individually, remains the same.

EXERCISES                                                                                                      PAGE NO : 41

1. Name the three subatomic particles of an atom.

Solution:

An atom consists of three subatomic particles:

• Protons  – Positively charged
• Electrons – Negatively charged
• Neutrons – Neutral in nature (no charge)

2. Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does it have?

Solution:

Given: Atomic mass of helium atom = 4u, 2 protons in helium nucleus

Atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons

4 = 2 + number of neutrons

Number of neutrons = 4 – 2 = 2

Hence, Helium has 2 neutrons.

EXERCISES                                                                                    PAGE NO: 42

1. Write the distribution of electrons in Carbon and Sodium atoms.

Solution:

A carbon atom contains a total of 6 electrons. The following equation describes the electron distribution in a carbon atom: first orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; second orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; third orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; fourth orbit or K-shell

L-shell or second orbit = 4 electrons

We can also express the electron distribution in a carbon atom as 2, 4.

In a sodium atom, there are 11 total electrons. The electron distribution in the sodium atom is described by: first orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; second orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; third orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons; fourth orbit or K-shell = 2

L-shell or second orbit = 8 electrons

M-shell or third orbit = 1 electron

Alternatively, we can express the electron distribution in a sodium atom as 2, 8, 1.

2. If the K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of electrons in the atom?

Solution:

K shell can hold 2 electrons.

L shell can hold 8 electrons.

Hence, when both the shells are full, the total number of electrons present in the atom = 2+8 = 10 electrons.

EXERCISES                                                                                   PAGE NO : 44

1. How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium?

Solution:

We know that an element’s valency refers to its proclivity for accepting or losing electrons in order to complete its octet and achieve a stable electronic state.

It is the smallest number of electrons that must be added or removed to entirely occupy an element’s outermost shell.

Mathematically, if an atom’s outermost shell contains 4 or fewer electrons, the element’s valency is equal to the number of electrons present in the outermost shell; if it contains more than 4, the valency is determined by subtracting the total number of electrons present in the outermost shell from 8.

Calculation of valency:

Valency of chlorine: 

The electronic configuration of chlorine = 2, 8, 7

Chlorine has 7 (more than 4) electrons in its outermost shell.

Therefore, the valency of chlorine = 8 – the number of electrons in the outermost shell

= 8−7

= 1

Valency of Sulphur: 

The electronic configuration of Sulphur = 2, 8,6

Sulphur has 6 (more than 4) electrons in its outermost shell.

Therefore, the valency of chlorine = 8 – the number of electrons in the outermost shell

= 8−6

= 2

Valency of magnesium: 

The electronic configuration of Magnesium = 2, 8, 2

Magnesium has 2 (less than 4) electrons in its outermost shell.

Therefore, the valency of magnesium= Number of electrons in its outermost shell

= 2

EXERCISES                                                                        PAGE NO : 44

1. If the number of electrons in an atom is 8 and the number of protons is also 8, then

(i) What is the atomic number of the atom? and

(ii) What is the charge on the atom?

Solution:

Given: Number of electrons = 8

Number of protons = 8

(i) The atomic number of an atom is the same as the number of protons in that atom; hence, its atomic number is 8.

(ii) In an atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Hence, both the charges – positive and negative – neutralise each other. Therefore, the atom does not possess any charge.

2. With the help of Table 4.1, find out the mass number of oxygen and sulphur atom

Solution: 

Solution:

(a) To find the mass number of Oxygen,

Number of protons = 8

Number of neutrons = 8

Atomic number = 8

Atomic mass number = Number of protons + number of neutrons = 8 + 8 = 16

Therefore, the mass number of oxygen = 16

(b) To find the mass number of Sulphur,

Number of protons = 16

Number of neutrons = 16

Atomic number = 16

Atomic mass number = Number of protons + number of neutrons = 16 + 16 = 32

EXERCISES                                                                        PAGE NO: 45

1. For the symbols H, D and T, tabulate three subatomic particles found in each of them.

Solution:

2. Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of isotopes and isobar.

Solution:

(a) Isotopes: Isotopes are atoms which have the same number of protons, but the number of neutrons differs. This leads to the variation in mass number too.

Example: Carbon molecule exists as 6C12 and 6C14, but when their electronic configuration is noticed, both have K-2; L-4

(b) Isobars: Isobars are atoms which have the same mass number but differ in atomic number. The electronic configuration of an isobar pair is as follows:

Example: Electronic configuration of 20Ca40 – K-2; L-8; M-8; N- 2

Electronic configuration of 18Ar40 – K-2; L-8; M-8

EXERCISES                                                                                                    PAGE NO : 46

1. Compare the properties of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Solution:

2. What are the limitations of J.J.Thomson’s model of the atom?

Solution:

The following are the limitations of J.J. Thomson’s model of an atom:

• The model failed to explain the outcome of alpha particle scattering, which was conducted by Rutherford. The model failed to depict why the majority of these alpha particles pass through the gold foil, while some diverted through small and big angles, while some others rebound completely, returning on their path.
• It did not provide any experimental evidence and was established on imagination.

3. What are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of the atom?

Solution:

The following are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of the atom:

• There is no expected stability in the revolution of the electron in a circular orbit.
• Charged particles radiate energy when accelerated, thus causing the revolving electrons to lose energy and would fall into the nucleus.
• Hence, atoms must be highly unstable. The matter would not exist in its known form, which clearly is an assumption as atoms are highly stable.

4. Describe Bohr’s model of the atom.

Solution:

• An atom holds the nucleus at the centre.
• Negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus.
• The atoms in it contain distinct orbits of electrons.
• Electrons do not radiate energy when they are in their orbits.
• The distinct orbits are named K, L, M, and N orbits. Numbers used to denote them are n=1, 2, 3, 4

5. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter.

Solution:

6.Summarise the rules for the writing of the distribution of electrons in various shells for the first eighteen elements.

Solution:

• The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a shell is given by the formula: 2n2, where n= 1, 2, 3…
• The maximum number of electrons in different shells are:

K shell – n=1 ; 2n2 = 2(1)2 = 2

L shell – n=2 ; 2n2 = 2(2)2 = 8

M shell – n=3 ; 2n2 = 2(3)2 = 18

N shell- n=4 ; 2n2 = 2(4)2 = 32

• The outermost orbit can be accommodated with 8 electrons at the maximum.
• The electrons are not taken in unless the inner shells are filled, which are filled step-wise; hence, the highest element has K-2; L-8; M-8 distribution of electrons.

7. Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen.

Solution:

The definite combining capacity of the atoms of each element, wherein electrons are lost, gained or shared to make the octet of electrons present in the outermost shell, is defined as valency. To measure valency, we can figure out the number of electrons that are required to complete the shell in which it is contained or losing excess electrons, if present, once the filling is complete.

Example: To find the valency of silicon,

The atomic number of silicon is 14.

The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in silicon, i.e., 14.

The distribution of electrons in silicon atoms is K – 2, L – 8, M – 4

Hence, from the distribution of silicon, it is clearly evident that to fill the M shell, 4 electrons are required. Therefore, its valency is 8-4=4

To find the valency of oxygen,

The atomic number of oxygen is 8.

The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in oxygen, i.e., 8.

The distribution of electrons in oxygen atom is K – 2, L – 6

Hence, from the distribution of oxygen, it is clearly evident that to fill the M shell, 6 more electrons are required. Therefore, its valency is 8-6=2

8. Explain with examples

(i) Atomic number,

(ii) Mass number,

(iii) Isotopes and

(iv) Isobars.

Give any two uses of isotopes.

Solution:

(i) The number of positively charged protons present in the nucleus of an atom is defined as the atomic number and is denoted by Z. Example: Hydrogen has one proton in its nucleus; hence, its atomic number is one.

(ii) The total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is known as the mass number. It is denoted by A. 20Ca40 . The mass number is 40. The atomic number is 20.

(iii) The atoms which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are referred to as isotopes. Hence, the mass number varies.

Example: The most simple example is the Carbon molecule which exists as 6C12 and 6C14

(iv) Isobars: Isobars are atoms which have the same mass number but differ in atomic number.

Examples are,  20Ca40and  18Ar40

Uses of isotopes

• The isotope of the Iodine atom is used to treat goitre, an iodine-deficient disease.
• In the treatment of cancer, an isotope of cobalt is used.
• Fuel for nuclear reactors is derived from the isotopes of the Uranium atom.

9. Na+ has completely filled K and L shells. Explain.

Solution:

The atomic number of sodium is 11. It has 11 electrons in its orbitals, wherein the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Hence, its electronic configuration is K-2 ; L-8 ; M-1 ; The one electron in the M shell is lost, and it obtains a positive charge since it has one more proton than electrons and obtains a positive charge, Na+ . The new electronic configuration is K-1; L-8, which is the filled state. Hence, it is very difficult to eliminate the electron from a filled state as it is very stable.

10. If the bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes  35Br79 (49.7%) and 35Br81 (50.3%), calculate the average atomic mass of the Bromine atom.

Solution:

The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of that element. Average atomic mass takes into account the isotopic abundance.

Isotope of bromine with atomic mass 79 u = 49.7%

Therefore, Contribution of 35Br79 to atomic mass = (79 × 49.7)/100

⇒ 39.26 u

Isotope of bromine with atomic mass 81 u = 50.3%

Contribution of 35Br81 to the atomic mass of bromine = (81 × 50.3)/100

⇒ 40.64u

Hence, the average atomic mass of the bromine atom = 39.26 + 40.64 u = 79.9u

11. The average atomic mass of a sample of element X is 16.2 u. What are the percentages of isotopes  8X16 and 8X18 in the sample?

Solution:

Let the percentage of 8X16 be ‘a’ and that of 8X18  be ‘100-a’.

As per the given data,

16.2u = 16 a / 100 + 18 (100-a) /100

1620 = 16a + 1800 – 18a

1620 = 1800 – 2a

a = 90%

Hence, the percentage of the isotope in the sample 8X16 is 90% and that of

8X18 = 100-a = 100- 90=10%

12. If Z=3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name the element.

Solution:

Given: Atomic number, Z = 3

The electronic configuration of the element = K-2; L-1, hence its valency = 1

The element with atomic number 3 is Lithium.

13. Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species, X and Y, are given as under

                          X Y

Protons = 6 6

Neutrons = 6 8

Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the relation between the two species?

Solution:

Mass number of X: Protons + neutrons = 6+6 = 12

Mass number of Y: Protons + neutrons = 6+8 = 14

They are the same element, and their atomic numbers are the same.

They are isotopes, as they differ in the number of neutrons and hence their mass numbers.

14. For the following statements, write T for true and F for false.

(a) J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons.

(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together. Therefore, it is neutral.

(c) The mass of an electron is about 1/2000 times that of a proton.

(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is used as a medicine.

Solution:

(a) The statement is False.

(b)  The statement is False.

(c)  The statement is True.

(d)  The statement is False.

15. Put a tick(✓) against the correct choice and cross(x) against the wrong choice in questions 15, 16 and 17.

Rutherford’s alpha–particle scattering experiment was responsible for the discovery of

(a) Atomic nucleus

(b) Electron

(c) Proton

(d) Neutron

Solution:

(a) Atomic nucleus

16.Isotopes of an element have

(a) The same physical properties

(b) Different chemical properties

(c) Different number of neutrons

(d) Different atomic numbers

Solution:

(c) Different number of neutrons

17. Number of valence electrons in Cl– ion are

(a) 16

(b) 8

(c) 17

(d) 18

Solution:

(b) 8

The electronic distribution of Cl is K-2, L-8, M-7. Valence electrons are 7; hence, chlorine gains one electron for the formation of Cl–. Therefore, its valency is 8.

18. Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of Sodium?

(a) 2, 8

(b) 8, 2, 1

(c) 2, 1, 8

(d) 2, 8, 1

Solution:

(d) 2, 8, 1

19.Complete the following table.

Solution:

The following table depicts the missing data:

Atomic number(Z) = Number of protons

Mass number = Number of neutrons + atomic number

(or)

Mass number(A) = Number of neutrons + number of neutrons